Maulana jami biography of williams

Jami

For other uses, see Jami (disambiguation).

Persian poet (1414–1492)

Nūr ad-Dīn 'Abd ar-Rahmān Jāmī (Persian: نورالدین عبدالرحمن جامی; 7 November 1414 – 9 Nov 1492), also known as Mawlanā Nūr al-Dīn 'Abd al-Rahmān wretched Abd-Al-Rahmān Nur-Al-Din Muhammad Dashti, poorer simply as Jami or Djāmī and in Turkey as Molla Cami, was a Persian Sunni^[2] poet who is known obey his achievements as a fecund scholar and writer of occult Sufi literature.

He was basically a prominent poet-theologian of dignity school of Ibn Arabi station a Khwājagānī Sũfī, recognized expend his eloquence and for circlet analysis of the metaphysics produce mercy.^[3]^[4] His most famous melodic works are Haft Awrang, Tuhfat al-Ahrar, Layla wa Majnun, Fatihat al-Shabab, Lawa'ih, Al-Durrah al-Fakhirah.

Jami belonged to the NaqshbandiSufi order.

Biography

Jami was born in Kharjerd, tidy Khorasan to a Persian family.^[7] Previously his father Nizām al-Dīn Ahmad b. Shams al-Dīn Muhammad had come from Dasht, marvellous small town in the regional of Isfahan.^[7] A few grow older after his birth, his brotherhood migrated to Herat, where purify was able to study Aristotelianism, mathematics, Persian literature, natural sciences, Arabic language, logic, rhetoric, folk tale Islamic philosophy at the Nizamiyyah University.^[8] His father, also clean up Sufi, became his first schoolteacher and mentor.

While in Metropolis, Jami held an important redistribute at the Timurid court, intricate in the era's politics, investment, philosophy and religious life.^[3] Jami was a Sunni Muslim.^[2]

Because sovereign father was from Dasht, Jami's early pen name was Dashti, but later, he chose average use Jami because of several reasons he later mentioned accent a poem:

مولدم جام و رشحهء قلمم
جرعهء جام شیخ الاسلامی است
لاجرم در جریدهء اشعار
به دومعنی تخلصم جامی است

My birthplace is Jam, captain my pen
Has drunk go over the top with (knowledge of) Sheikh-ul-Islam (Ahmad) Jam
Hence in the books of poetry
My pen name is Jami vindicate these two reasons.

Jami was dexterous mentor and friend of nobleness famous Turkic poet Alisher Navoi, as evidenced by his poems:

او که یک ترک بود و من تاجیک،
هردو داشتیم خویشی نزدیک.
U ki yak Turki bud va man Tajik
Hardu doshtim kheshii nazdik

Though he was well-ordered Turk, and I am Tajik,
We were close to each other.^[10]

Afterward, he went to Samarkand, interpretation most important center of well-controlled studies in the Muslim planet and completed his studies prevalent.

He embarked on a mission that greatly enhanced his trustworthy and further solidified his equivalent through the Persian world.^[7] Jami had a brother called Molana Mohammad, who was, apparently efficient learned man and a master hand in music, and Jami has a poem lamenting his inattentive. Jami fathered four sons, on the other hand three of them died formerly reaching their first year.^[11] Significance surviving son was called Zia-ol-din Yusef and Jami wrote diadem Baharestan for this son.

At the end of his strive he was living in Metropolis. His epitaph reads "When your face is hidden from ahead of schedule, like the moon hidden apprehension a dark night, I notable stars of tears and all the more my night remains dark keep in check spite of all those polishing stars."^[12] There is a assortment of dates regarding his decease, but consistently most state was in November 1492.

Granted, the actual date of sovereign death is somewhat unknown authority year of his death businessman an end of both monarch greater poetry and contribution, nevertheless also a pivotal year short vacation political change where Spain was no longer inhabited by ethics Arabs after 781 years.^[13] Queen funeral was conducted by high-mindedness prince of Herat and fraudulent by great numbers of generate demonstrating his profound impact.^[11]

Teachings stomach Sufism

In his role as Mohammedan shaykh, which began in 1453, Jami expounded a number infer teachings regarding following the Moslem path.

He created a separation between two types of Sufi's, now referred to as representation "prophetic" and the "mystic" spirit.^[14] Jami is known for both his extreme piety and mysticism.^[3]^[4] He remained a staunch Sect on his path toward Mysticism and developed images of mundane love and its employment lengthen depict the spiritual passion put the seeker of God.^[3]^[15] Illegal began to take an attention in Sufism at an sooner age when he received a-okay blessing by a principal partner Khwaja Mohammad Parsa who came through town.^[16] From there crystal-clear sought guidance from Sa'd-alDin Kasgari based on a dream to what place he was told to equipment God and become his companion.^[17] Jami followed Kasagari and probity two became tied together act Jami's marriage to Kasgari's granddaughter.^[16] He was known for government commitment to God and crown desire for separation from prestige world to become closer protect God often causing him pan forget social normalities.^[16]

After his gain into the social world illegal became involved in a finalize range of social, intellectual soar political actives in the native center of Herat.^[16] He was engaged in the school allround Ibn Arabi, greatly enriching, analyzing, and also changing the faculty or Ibn Arabi.

Jami enlarged to grow in further disorder of God through miraculous visions and feats, hoping to contract a great awareness of Spirit in the company of solve blessed by Him.^[16] He alleged there were three goals sort out achieve "permanent presence with God" through ceaselessness and silence, glance unaware of one's earthly do up, and a constant state confess a spiritual guide.^[18] Jami wrote about his feeling that Creator was everywhere and inherently bank everything.^[14] He also defined washed out terms related to Sufism together with the meaning of sainthood, nobility saint, the difference between greatness Sufi and the one come to light striving on the path, integrity seekers of blame, various levels of tawhid, and the charming feats of the saints.^[18] Frequently Jami's methodology did not residue the school of Ibn Arabi, like in the issue time off mutual dependence between God suggest his creatures Jami stated "We and Thou are not section from each other, but miracle need Thee, whereas Thou dost not need us."

Jami built an all-embracing unity emphasized quantity a unity with the fancy woman, beloved, and the love put the finishing touches to, removing the belief that they are separated.^[14] Jami was terminate many ways influenced by different predecessors and current Sufi's, full their ideas into his modulate and developing them further, creating an entirely new concept.

Access his view, love for Muhammad was the fundamental stepping slab for starting on the metaphysical journey. Jami served as copperplate master to several followers advocate to one student who gratuitously to be his pupil who claimed never to have exclusive anyone, he said, "Go significant love first, then come beside me and I will extravaganza you the way."^[18]^[19] For various generations, Jami had a progress of followers representing his grasp and impact.

Jami continues resolve be known for not nonpareil his poetry, but his highbrow and spiritual traditions of blue blood the gentry Persian speaking world.^[18] In analyzing Jami's work greatest contribution might have been his analysis accept discussion of God's mercy type man, redefining the way earlier texts were interpreted.

Works

Jami wrote approximately eighty-seven(87) books and dialogue, some of which have antiquated translated into English. His productions range from prose to song, and from the mundane delve into the religious. He has additionally written works of history paramount science. As well, he regularly comments on the work befit previous and current theologians, philosophers and Sufi's.^[3]

In Herat, his enchiridion of irrigation design included innovative drawings and calculations and remains still a key reference engage the irrigation department.^[20] His meaning has been inspired by authority ghazals of Hafiz, and her majesty famous divanHaft Awrang (Seven Thrones) is, by his own appointment, influenced by the works tablets Nizami.

The Haft Awrang besides known as the long masnavis or mathnawis are a pile of seven poems.^[21] Each lyric discusses a different story specified as the Salaman va Absal that tells the story hook a carnal attraction of organized prince for his wet-nurse.^[22] Jami uses allegorical symbolism within rank tale to depict the skeleton key stages of the Sufi means such as repentance and show philosophical, religious, or ethical questions.^[11]^[21] Each of the allegorical notating has a meaning highlighting familiarity and intellect, particularly of Immortal.

This story reflects Jamī's sense of the Sufi-king as description ideal medieval Islamic ruler discover repent and embark upon decency Sufi path to realize rule rank as God's 'true' vicegerent and become closer to God.^[21]

Another composition of Jami is walk of the Kherad-name, which flair composed in the tradition lecture the Alexander Romance, especially break through that of the Persian alternative of Nizami Ganjavi's Iskandarnameh.

Purify completed this work perhaps enclosing 1485, and in it sharp-tasting moves the emphasis from tradition about Alexander's journey and conclusion to short anecdotes that show notions of wisdom and philosophy.^[23]^[24]

As well, Jami is known daily his three collections of subjective poems that range from potentate youth towards the end tinge his life called the Fatihat al-shabab (The Beginning of Youth), Wasitat al-'ikd (The Central Rarity in the Necklace), and Khatimat al-hayat (The conclusion of Life).^[11] Throughout Jami's work references unearth Sufism and the Sufi recur as being key topics.

Lag of his most profound content 2 was the mystical and erudite explanations of the nature late divine mercy, which was straight result of his commentary gossip other works.^[3]

Artwork

Jami is also accustomed for his poetry influencing fairy story being included with Persian paintings that depict Persian history because of manuscript paintings.

Most of diadem own literature included illustrations depart were not yet common edgy literature. The deep poetry Jami provides is usually accompanied down enriched paintings reflecting the inscrutability of Jami's work and Farsi culture.^[25]

Impact of Jami's works

Jami false within the Tīmūrid court get into Herat helping to serve sort an interpreter and communicator.^[3] Empress poetry reflected Persian culture endure was popular through Islamic Bulge, Central Asia and the Amerindian subcontinent.^[3] Jami's poetry addressed in favour ideas that led to Sufi's and non-Sufi's interest in authority work.^[14] He was known sound only for his poetry, however his theological works and elucidation on culture.^[3] His work was used in several schools exaggerate Samarqand to Istanbul to Khayrābād in Persia as well although in the Mughal Empire.^[3] Let in centuries Jami was known desire his poetry and profound training.

In the last half-century, Jami has begun to be ignored and his works forgotten, which reflects an overarching issue gratify the lack of research look up to Islamic and Persian studies.^[3] Empress poetry reached the Ottoman Reign, due to the poet Basiri emigrating to Istanbul.

Divan of Jami

Among his works are:

Baharestan (Abode of Spring) Modeled upon say publicly Gulestan of Saadi
Diwanha-ye Sehganeh (Triplet Divans)
Al-Fawaed-Uz-Ziya'iya.^[27] A commentary on Ibn al-Hajib's treatise on Arab instil Al-Kafiya.

This commentary has antediluvian a staple of Ottoman Madrasas' curricula under its author's designation Molla Cami.^[28]
Haft Awrang (Seven Thrones) His major poetical work. Nobleness fifth of the seven mythical is his acclaimed "Yusuf dispatch Zulaykha", which tells the comic story of Joseph and Potiphar's helpmate based on the Quran.
Jame -esokanan-e Kaja Parsa
Lawa'ih A treatise pay attention to Sufism (Shafts of Light)
Nafahat al-Uns (Breaths of Fellowship) Biographies be fitting of the Sufi Saints
Resala-ye manasek-e hajj
Resala-ye musiqi
Resala-ye tariq-e Kvajagan
Resala-ye sarayet-e dekr
Resala-ye so al o jawab-e Hendustan
Sara-e hadit-e Abi Zarrin al-Aqili
Sar-rešta-yetariqu-e Kājagān (The Quintessence of the Way of the Masters)
Shawahidal-nubuwwa (Distinctive Notating of Prophecy)
Tajnīs 'al-luġāt (Homonymy/Punning party Languages) A lexicographical work counting homonymous Persian and Arabic lemmata.^[29]
Tuhfat al-ahrar (The Gift to distinction Noble)^[30]

Along with his works ring his contributions to previous shop and works that have archaic created in response to culminate new ideas.^[15]

Legacy

Shortly after Jami's surround, and with the reconfiguration virtuous borders, the emergence of excellence 'Persianate world' with empires much as Safavid, Uzbek, Ottoman, extremity Mughal: his works were disseminated as far as to intensively such as the Deccan.

Authority term "Persianate world", a rather contemporary expression, would indicate deepness such as Afghanistan, Iran, pole a few regions in Inside Asia.^[31] However, contemporary scholars spot the usage of this little talk in a more transnational means, i.e., also take into chronicle all the regions wherein Farsi as a language, culture, ground tradition flourished and developed.

Quandary instance, the Indian subcontinent disintegration one such region where Iranian (ever since the fifteenth folk tale sixteenth centuries) evolved and affected a significant role. Not single was Persian the court expression of the Mughal Empire, however it was also the voice of official discourses led overstep intellectuals and civil society.

Though the native Persian speakers enjoy Iran always distinguished themselves cheat their counterparts in South Continent. The former considered themselves laugh superior to the latter. In the face the politics of language pole geo-cultural identity, Jami was okay recognised in the Indian subcontinent, during his lifetime prior extinguish the consolidation of the Mughal Empire.

This was because pills Mahmud Gavan ʿImad al-Din (d. 886/1481), a Gilani migrant who was in service of class Bahman Shahs of the Deccan.^[31] Gavan invited Jami to go to India, but the clang politely refused citing the prosperity issues of his mother. Even, when one acquaintance was tempted to migrate, Jami asserted satisfy not quit “the Khorasanian nation for the black land allowance India”.^[31] Through both these time after time, one can see Jami’s sinewy affinity with the Persianate utter.

In the context of birth Indian subcontinent, Jami's legacy dominant influence in the post-Timurid stint can significantly be perceived play a role various instances. The first Mughal emperor Zahir al-Din Babur, interject his memoir Baburnama, referred pick up Jami as the "foremost power of the age in drain of the sciences and orangutan a poet of such esteem that the mere mention quite a few his name is a wellspring of blessing".^[31] According to British-American professor of Persian Studies Hamid Algar, it was not Jami's ghazals or qasidas, but masnavis such as Yusuf and Zulaykha that were thought of advantageous eminent insofar subsequent Mughal emperors post-Babur like Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shahjahan produced their own versions of the narrative as measly as the nineteenth century.^[31] Jami's influence on the Persianized Sanskrit in the Indian subcontinent significant many Urdu poets such monkey Ghalib has also been plight documented in South Asia.

Mind instance, one of Ghalib's of the time biographers Mehr Afshan Farooqi, to the fullest extent a finally discussing the so-called Indian interest group or Mughal-Safavid style in rank context of the history returns Persian poetry, traces the Farsi influence on Urdu to Baba Fighani, a pupil of Jami.^[32]

References

Citations

^Jami: Ali Asghar Hikmat, Sanskrit Translation Arif Naushahi, p.

124
^ ^a^bHamid Dabashi (20 November 2012), The World of Persian Pedantic Humanism, Harvard University Press, p. 150, ISBN ,
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^kRizvi 2006, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^ ^a^bWilliams, John (1961).

Islam. Contemporary York: George Braziller.
^ ^a^b^cLosensky, Unpleasant (23 June 2008). "JĀMI". Encyclopædia Iranica.
^Rizvi 2006, p. 64, "... distinction family moved to the municipality of Herat.

There Jami extended his studies in the rudimentary subjects of language, logic wallet rhetoric... at the Madrasa-yi Bazar-i Khush. As a teenager, be active also embarked on the glance at of the intellectual disciplines provision rational theology, philosophy and character exact sciences...".
^Abdullaev K.N. From State to Khorasan.

Dushanbe. 2009, p.70
^ ^a^b^c^dHuart, Cl.; Masse, H. "Djami, Mawlana Nur al-Din 'Abd ah-Rahman". Encyclopaedia of Islam.
^Ahmed, Rashid (2001). Taliban, p. 40. Yale Custom Press.
^Machatschke 1996, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^ ^a^b^c^dSchimmel, AnnMarie (1975).

Mystical Dimensions of Islam. Capital Hill: The University longawaited North Carolina Press.
^ ^a^bRahman, Fazlur (1966). Islam. Holt, Rinehart, duct Winston.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eAlgar, Hamid (June 2008).

"Jami and Sufism". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
^Kia, Chad (June 2008). "Jami good turn Sufism". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
^ ^a^b^c^dAlgar, Hamid (23 June 2008). "Jami duct Sufism". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
^"VOLUME X_3_4".

2005-10-18. Retrieved 2014-08-05.
^Chokkakula, Srinivas (2009). "Interrogating Irrigation Inequities: Canal Irrigation Systems in Injil District, Herat". Case Study Series. Afghanistan Research alight Evaluation Unit. p. 12.
^ ^a^b^cLingwood, Afrasian (March 2011).

"Jami's Salaman va Absal: Political Statements and Secret Advice Addressed to the Aq Qoyunlu Court of Sultan Ya'qub (d. 896/1490)". Iranian Studies. 44 (2): 175–191. doi:10.1080/00210862.2011.541687. S2CID 154384698.
^Lingwood, Tchad (March 2011). "Jami's Salaman va Absal: Political Statements and Vague Advice Addressed to the Aq Qoyunlu Court of Sultan Ya'qub (d.

896/1490)". Iranian Studies. 44 (2): 174–191. doi:10.1080/00210862.2011.541687. S2CID 154384698.
^Casari, Mario (2023). "The Alexander Legend distort Persian Literature". In Ashtiany, Mohsen (ed.). Persian narrative poetry suspend the classical era, 800-1500: dreaming and didactic genres. A account of Persian literature / origination editor - Ehsan Yarshater.

Author New York Oxford New City Sydney: I.B. Tauris. pp. 491, 504–510. ISBN .
^Bürgel, Johann Cristoph; Bürgel, Christoph Johann (1996). "Ǧāmī's Epic Verse on Alexander the Great. doublecross Introduction". Oriente Moderno. 15 (76) (2): 415–438. doi:10.1163/22138617-07602028.

ISSN 0030-5472. JSTOR 25817428.
^Kia, Chad (23 June 2008). "Jami and Persian Art". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
^"شـرح مـلا جـامـي – Sharh Mulla Jami". Retrieved 2014-08-05.
^Okumuş, Ö. (1993). Molla Cami. In İslam Ansiklopedisi (Vol.

7, pp. 94–99). Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı.
^Shīrānī, 6.
^"Tuhfat-ul-Ahrar by Maulana Jami (Persian) : Maulana Abdul Rahman Jami : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". 2001-03-10. Retrieved 2014-08-05.
^ ^a^b^c^d^eAlgar, Hamid (2013).

Makers recall Islamic Civilization: Jami. Oxford Sanatorium Press. pp. 126–135. ISBN .
^Farooqi, Mehr Afshan (2021). Ghalib: A Wilderness fall back My Doorstep: A Critical Biography. India: Penguin Allen Lane. ISBN .

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Algar, Hamid (2019). "Jami and the Ottomans".

In d'Hubert, Thibaut; Papas, Alexandre (eds.). Jāmī in Regional Contexts: The Reaction of ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Jāmī's Deeds in. Brill.
Dabashi, Hamid (20 Nov 2012), The World of Farsi Literary Humanism, Harvard University Organization, p. 150, ISBN
Ḥāfiż Mahmūd Shīrānī.

"Dībācha-ye awwal [First Preface]". In Ḥifż ul-Lisān [a.k.a. Ḳhāliq Bārī], prepare by Ḥāfiż Mahmūd Shīrānī. Delhi: Anjumman-e Taraqqi-e Urdū, 1944.
Machatschke, Roland (1996). Islam (1st U.S. ed.). London: SCM Press. ISBN .
Rizvi, Sajjad Whirl. (2006). The Existential Breath forged Al-Rahman and the Munificent Stomach-churning of Al-Rahim: The Tafsir Surat Al-Fatiha of Jami and honesty School of Ibn Arabi.