Sir cv raman autobiography of a flea
C. V. Raman
Indian physicist (1888–1970)
In that Indian name, the name Chandrasekhara is a patronymic, and say publicly person should be referred get as far as by the given name, Venkata Raman, or just Raman.
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (;[1] 7 Nov 1888 – 21 November 1970), known modestly as C.
V. Raman,[2] was an Indian physicist known receive his work in the arable of light scattering.[3] Using straighten up spectrograph that he developed, grace and his student K. Severe. Krishnan discovered that when make something happen traverses a transparent material, glory deflected light changes its share.
This phenomenon, a hitherto strange type of scattering of type, which they called modified scattering was subsequently termed the Raman effect or Raman scattering. Interest 1930, Raman received the Altruist Prize in Physics for that discovery and was the primary Asian and the first non-White to receive a Nobel Cherish in any branch of science.[4]
Born to Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a precocious child, finalization his secondary and higher lower education from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School at the delay of 11 and 13, each to each.
He topped the bachelor's prestige examination of the University reinforce Madras with honours in physics from Presidency College at slow down 16. His first research pro forma, on diffraction of light, was published in 1906 while be active was still a graduate learner. The next year he erred a master's degree. He coupled the Indian Finance Service absorb Calcutta as Assistant Accountant Popular at age 19.
There operate became acquainted with the Asian Association for the Cultivation interrupt Science (IACS), the first investigating institute in India, which constitutional him to carry out unrestricted research and where he unchanging his major contributions in acoustics and optics.
In 1917, operate was appointed the first Palit Professor of Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at the Rajabazar Discipline art College under the University deduction Calcutta.
On his first animation to Europe, seeing the Sea Sea motivated him to decipher the prevailing explanation for rank blue colour of the bounding main at the time, namely high-mindedness reflected Rayleigh-scattered light from blue blood the gentry sky, as being incorrect. Fiasco founded the Indian Journal living example Physics in 1926.
He struck to Bangalore in 1933 on top of become the first Indian principal of the Indian Institute taste Science. He founded the Soldier Academy of Sciences the sign up year. He established the Raman Research Institute in 1948 swing he worked to his ultimate days.
The Raman effect was discovered on 28 February 1928.
The day is celebrated per annum by the Government of Bharat as the National Science All right.
Early life and education
C. Totally. Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli in the Madras Presidency be beneficial to British India (now Tiruchirapalli, Dravidian Nadu, India) to TamilIyerBrahmin parents,[5][6] Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.[7] He was the secondbest of eight siblings.[8] His churchman was a teacher at unmixed local high school, and attained a modest income.
He recalled: "I was born with dinky copper spoon in my cosy. At my birth my dad was earning the magnificent steady of ten rupees per month!"[9] In 1892, his family seized to Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam alliance Vizag) in Andhra Pradesh little his father was appointed emphasize the faculty of physics get rid of impurities Mrs A.V.
Narasimha Rao College.[10]
Raman was educated at the Thrust Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School, Visakhapatnam.[11] He passed matriculation at table 11 and the First Study in Arts examination (equivalent peak today's intermediate examination, pre-university course) with a scholarship at medium 13,[8][12] securing first position deduce both under the Andhra Pradesh school board (now Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education) examination.[13]
In 1902, Raman joined Presidency Academy in Madras (now Chennai) veer his father had been transferred to teach mathematics and physics.[14] In 1904, he obtained great B.A.
degree from the Origination of Madras, where he not beautiful first and won the riches medals in physics and English.[13] At age 18, while pull off a graduate student, he available his first scientific paper cooperate with "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due have got to a rectangular aperture" in glory British journal Philosophical Magazine require 1906.[15] He earned an M.A.
degree from the same asylum with highest distinction in 1907.[16][17] His second paper published handset the same journal that origin was on surface tension flaxen liquids.[18] It was alongside Ruler Rayleigh's paper on the weakness callowness of ear to sound,[19] very last from which Lord Rayleigh in operation to communicate with Raman, attractively addressing him as Professor.[13]
Aware break into Raman's capacity, his physics coach Rhishard Llewellyn Jones insisted filth continue research in England.
Engineer arranged for Raman's physical visitation with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.[20] Raman often had poor not fixed and was considered as uncomplicated "weakling."[21] The inspection revealed focus he would not withstand glory harsh weathers of England,[10] say publicly incident of which he late recalled, and said, "[Giffard] examined me and certified that Unrestrained was going to die attention to detail tuberculosis… if I were join forces with go to England."[22]
Career
Raman's elder kinsman Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had one the prestigious Indian government rental, Indian Finance Service (now Amerind Audit and Accounts Service).[23] Raman followed suit and qualified go for the Indian Finance Service completion first position in the entr‚e examination in February 1907.[24] Recognized was posted in Calcutta (now Kolkata) as Assistant Accountant Prevailing in June 1907.[10]
He was enthusiastically impressed by the Indian Reaper for the Cultivation of Information (IACS), Calcutta, the first analysis institute founded in India story 1876.[22] He immediately befriended Asutosh Dey (who would eventually grow his lifelong collaborator), Amrita Lal Sircar (the founder Mahendralal Sircar's son and secretary of IACS), and Ashutosh Mukherjee (executive colleague of the IACS and Ceo of the University of Calcutta).
With their support, he imitative permission to conduct research mop up IACS in his own frustrate even "at very unusual hours," as Raman later reminisced.[13] Elate to that time the league had not yet recruited public researchers,[25] or produced any investigation paper.[10] Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" published underside Nature in 1907 became grandeur first from the institute.[26] Nobleness work inspired IACS to announce a journal, Bulletin of Soldier Association for the Cultivation unsaved Science, in 1909 in which Raman was the major contributor.[13]
In 1909, Raman was transferred understanding Rangoon, British Burma (now Myanmar), to take up the outcome of currency officer.
After unique a few months, he difficult to return to Madras though his father died from differentiation illness. The subsequent death be a witness his father and funeral rituals compelled him to remain with regard to for the rest of honesty year.[27] Soon after he resumed office at Rangoon, he was transferred back to India enraged Nagpur, Maharashtra, in 1910.[28] Uniform before he served a day in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant General in 1911 and again posted to Calcutta.[27]
From 1915, the University of Calcutta started assigning research scholars way in Raman at IACS.
Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Administrator General of Observatories of Bharat Meteorological Department), a PhD academic under Ganesh Prasad, was her majesty first student.[29] From the adhere to year, other universities followed suitable including University of Allahabad, Rangoon University, Queen's College Indore, of Science, Nagpur, Krisnath Faculty, and University of Madras.
Invitation 1919, Raman had guided spare than a dozen students.[30] Next Sircar's death in 1919, Raman received two honorary positions combination IACS, Honorary Professor and Intentional Secretary.[25] He referred to that period as the "golden era" of his life.[31]
Raman was chosen by the University faultless Calcutta to become the Palit Professor of Physics, a sight established after the benefactor Sir Taraknath Palit, in 1913.
Birth university senate made the berth on 30 January 1914, orangutan recorded in the meeting minutes:
The following appointments to significance Palit Professorships were made knock the meeting of the Sen on 30 January 1914: Dr P C Ray and Well-known C.V. Raman, MA... The confusion of each Professor shall note down permanent.
A Professor shall evacuate his office upon completion wheedle sixtieth year of his age.[13]
Prior to 1914, Ashutosh Mukherjee difficult to understand invited Jagadish Chandra Bose puzzle out take up the position, on the other hand Bose declined.[32] As a following choice, Raman became the chief Palit Professor of Physics however was delayed for taking slam the position as World Battle I broke out.
It was only in 1917 when crystal-clear joined Rajabazar Science College, efficient campus created by the Lincoln of Calcutta in 1914, delay he became a full-fledged professor.[13] He reluctantly resigned as calligraphic civil servant after a decennium of service, which was asserted as "supreme sacrifice"[25] since rulership salary as a professor would be roughly half of diadem salary at the time.
However to his advantage, the cost and conditions as a senior lecturer were explicitly indicated in righteousness report of his joining dignity university, which stated:
Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of the Sir Well-ordered N Palit Professorship on process that he will not give somebody the job of required to go out conclusion India...
Reported that Mr Proverbial saying. V. Raman joined his job as Palit Professor of Physics from 2.7.17... Mr Raman learned that he will not acceptably required to take any seminar work in MA and MSc classes, to the detriment curst his own research or instrumental advanced students in their researches.[29]
Raman's appointment as the Palit Fellow was strongly objected to past as a consequence o some members of the Assembly of the University of Calcutta, especially foreign members, as of course had no PhD and difficult never studied abroad.
As clean up kind of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged for an honorary DSc which the University of Calcutta conferred Raman in 1921. Representation same year he visited Metropolis to deliver a lecture look down at the Congress of Universities stare the British Empire.[33] He locked away earned quite a reputation tough then, and his hosts were Nobel laureates J.
J. Physicist and Lord Rutherford.[34] Upon jurisdiction election as Fellow of character Royal Society in 1924, Mukherjee asked him of his plans, which he replied, proverb, "The Nobel Prize of course."[25] In 1926, he established justness Indian Journal of Physics prosperous acted as the first editor.[35] The second volume of nobleness journal published his famous body "A new radiation", reporting blue blood the gentry discovery of the Raman effect.[36][37]
Raman was succeeded by Debendra Mohan Bose as the Palit Don in 1932.
Following his assignation as Director of the Asiatic Institute of Science (IISc) principal Bangalore, he left Calcutta focal 1933.[38] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, the King of Mysore, Jamsetji Tata and Nawab Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam of Hyderabad, had contributed honesty lands and funds for leadership Indian Institute of Science remodel Bangalore.
The Viceroy of Bharat, Lord Minto approved the founding in 1909, and the Land government appointed its first governor, Morris Travers.[39] Raman became decency fourth director and the chief Indian director. During his label at IISc, he recruited Woolly. N. Ramachandran, who later went on to become a noted X-ray crystallographer.
He founded honesty Indian Academy of Sciences adjust 1934 and started publishing representation academy's journal Proceedings of authority Indian Academy of Sciences (later split up into Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences, Journal of Potion Sciences, and Journal of Sarcastic remark System Science).[34] Around that stretch the Calcutta Physical Society was established, the concept of which he had initiated early huddle together 1917.[13]
With his former student Panchapakesa Krishnamurti, Raman started a partnership called Travancore Chemical and Manufacture Co.
Ltd. in 1943.[40] Goodness company, renamed as TCM District in 1996, was one provide the first organic and chemical chemical manufacturers in India.[41] Reaction 1947, Raman was appointed ethics first National Professor by honourableness new government of independent India.[42]
Raman retired from IISC in 1948 and established the Raman Investigating Institute in Bangalore a gathering later.
He served as cause dejection director and remained active alongside until his death in 1970.[42]
Scientific contributions
Musical sound
One of Raman's interests was on the scientific bottom of musical sounds. He was inspired by Hermann von Helmholtz's The Sensations of Tone, ethics book he came across what because he joined IACS.[24] He in print his findings prolifically between 1916 and 1921.
He worked look out on the theory of transverse juddering of bowed string instruments family unit on superposition of velocities. Adjourn of his earliest studies was on the wolf tone management violins and cellos.[43][44] He gripped the acoustics of various phony meddle with and related instruments, including Amerindic stringed instruments,[45][46] and water splashes.[47] He even performed what perform called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."[48]
Raman also studied the uniqueness stencil Indian drums.[49] His analyses do paperwork the harmonic nature of rectitude sounds of tabla and mridangam were the first scientific studies on Indian percussions.[50] He wrote a critical research on fervency of the pianoforte string wander was known as Kaufmann's theory.[51] During his brief visit end England in 1921, he managed to study how sound passage in the Whispring Gallery run through the dome of St Paul's Cathedral in London that produces unusual sound effects.[52][53] His duct on acoustics was an tingly prelude, both experimentally and conceptually, to his later works stop optics and quantum mechanics.[54]
Blue facial appearance of the sea
Raman, in dominion broadening venture on optics, in operation to investigate scattering of become calm starting in 1919.[55] His rule phenomenal discovery of the physics of light was the dispirited color of seawater.
During a- voyage home from England incommode board the S.S. Narkunda acquire September 1921, he contemplated nobility blue color of the Sea Sea. Using simple optical accoutrements, a pocket-sized spectroscope and cool Nicol prism in hand, fair enough studied the sea water.[56] Go along with several hypotheses on the stain of the sea propounded mine the time,[57][58] the best memo had been that of Nobleman Rayleigh's in 1910, according generate which, "The much admired illlit blue of the deep deep blue sea has nothing to do joint the color of water, nevertheless is simply the blue imbursement the sky seen by reflection".[59] Rayleigh had correctly described nobleness nature of the blue azure by a phenomenon now influential as Rayleigh scattering,[60] the trifle of light and refraction alongside particles in the atmosphere.[61] Government explanation of the blue cast of water was instinctively common as correct.
Raman could keep an eye on the water using a Nicol prism to avoid the power of sunlight reflected by blue blood the gentry surface. He described how rectitude sea appears even more bleak than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.[62]
Considerably soon as the S.S. Narkunda docked in Bombay Harbour (now Mumbai Harbour), Raman finished high-rise article "The colour of rendering sea" that was published weighty the November 1921 issue topple Nature.
He noted that Rayleigh's explanation is "questionable by trim simple mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).[62] As he thought:
Looking down into the h with a Nicol in face of the eye to spill off surface reflections, the evidence of the sun's rays could be seen entering the spa water and appearing by virtue marvel at perspective to converge to excellent point at a considerable least inside it.
The question is: What is it that diffracts the light and makes secure passage visible? An interesting pitfall that should be considered arrangement this connection is that leadership diffracting particles may, at nadir in part, be the molecules of the water themselves.[13]
As he reached Calcutta, he gratuitously his student K.
R. Ramanathan, who was from the Founding of Rangoon, to conduct in mint condition research at IACS.[63] By badly timed 1922, Raman came to fastidious conclusion, as he reported regulate the Proceedings of the Sovereign Society of London:
It is projected in this paper to plead an entirely different view, go in this phenomenon, as force the parallel case of loftiness colour of the sky, molecular diffraction determines the observed light and in great measure additionally its colour.
As a lawful preliminary to the discussion, a-one theoretical calculation and experimental text of the intensity of molecular scattering in water will rectify presented.[64]
True to his words, Ramanathan published an elaborate experimental analytical in 1923.[65] His subsequent read of the Bay of Bengal in 1924 provided the entire evidence.[66] It is now make public that the intrinsic color illustrate water is mainly attributed equal the selective absorption of individual wavelengths of light in rendering red and orange regions care the spectrum, owing to overtones of the infrared absorbing O-H (oxygen and hydrogen combined) wide modes of water molecules.[67]
Raman effect
Main article: Raman scattering
Background
Raman's second manifest discovery on the scattering panic about light was a new sort of radiation, an eponymous circumstance called the Raman effect.[68] Aft discovering the nature of illumination scattering that caused blue astuteness of water, he focused reformation the principle behind the episode.
His experiments in 1923 showed the possibility of other become calm rays formed in addition add up to the incident ray when full knowledge was filtered through a purpleness glass in certain liquids enjoin solids. Ramanathan believed that that was a case of unadulterated "trace of fluorescence."[13] In 1925, K. S. Krishnan, a unusual Research Associate, noted the unworkable non-naturali background for the existence assault an additional scattering line nearby the usual polarised elastic suggestion when light scatters through liquid.[69] He referred to the marvel as "feeble fluorescence."[70] But greatness theoretical attempts to justify position phenomenon were quite futile shadow the next two years.[71]
Primacy major impetus was the broadcasting of Compton effect.
Arthur Compton at Washington University in Jolt. Louis had found evidence foundation 1923 that electromagnetic waves focus on also be described as particles.[72] By 1927, the phenomenon was widely accepted by scientists, containing Raman.[73] As the news replica Compton's Nobel Prize in Physics was announced in December 1927, Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:
"Excellent news...
very nice indeed. However look here Krishnan. If that is true of X-Rays, in peace must be true of Hilarity too. I have always accompany so. There must be block up Optical analogue to Compton Findings. We must pursue it obscure we are on the without delay lines. It must and shall be found. The Nobel Like must be won."[74]
But the foundation of the inspiration went new.
As Compton later recollected "that it was probably the Toronto debate that led him watch over discover the Raman effect twosome years later."[24] The Toronto review was about the discussion impassioned the existence of light quantum at the British Association disclose the Advancement of Science gathering held at Toronto in 1924.
There Compton presented his ahead of schedule findings, which William Duane invite Harvard University argued with jurisdiction own with evidence that wildfowl was a wave.[75] Raman took Duane's side and said, "Compton, you're a very good controversialist, but the truth isn't overcome you."[24]
The scattering experiments
Krishnan started glory experiment in the beginning a variety of January 1928.[63] On 7 Jan, he discovered that no sum what kind of pure humid he used, it always involve polarised fluorescence within the perceptible spectrum of light.
As Raman saw the result, he was astonished why he never discovered such phenomenon all those years.[63] That night he and Krishnan named the new phenomenon trade in "modified scattering" with reference restrict the Compton effect as public housing unmodified scattering. On 16 Feb, they sent a manuscript look after Nature titled "A new initiative of secondary radiation", which was published on 31 March.[77]
On 28 February 1928, they obtained spectra of the modified scattering comb from the incident light.
End to difficulty in measuring authority wavelengths of light, they challenging been relying on visual point of view of the colour produced proud sunlight through prism. Raman difficult invented a type of spectrogram for detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves.[34][78] Referring to the whilst, Raman later remarked, "When Crazed got my Nobel Prize, Side-splitting had spent hardly 200 rupees on my equipment,"[79] although raise was obvious that his total number expenditure for the entire try out was much more than that.[80] From that moment they could employ the instrument using colorful light from a mercury curve lamp which penetrated transparent constituents and was allowed to falter on a spectrograph to wave its spectrum.
The lines state under oath scattering could now be dignified and photographed.[81][82]
Announcement
The same period, Raman made the announcement a while ago the press. The Associated Stifle of India reported it blue blood the gentry next day, on 29 Feb, as "New theory of radiation: Prof.
Raman's Discovery."[83] It ran the story as:
Prof. C. Body. Raman, F.R.S., of the Calcutta University, has made a display which promises to be souk fundamental significance to physics... Goodness new phenomenon exhibits features plane more startling than those unconcealed by Prof. Compton with X-rays.
The principal feature observed testing that when matter is out of your mind by light of one tone, the atoms contained in blue emit light of two pennant, one of which is distinguishable from the exciting colour bid is lower down the scale. The astonishing thing is consider it the altered colour is consummately independent of the nature stencil the substance used.[68]
The news was reproduced by The Statesman selfsatisfaction 1 March under the memorable part "Scattering of Light by Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."[84] Raman submitted tidy three-paragraph report of the finding on 8 March to Nature and was published on 21 April.[85] The actual data was sent to the same periodical on 22 March and was published on 5 May.[86] Raman presented the formal and total description as "A new radiation" at the meeting of justness South Indian Science Association conduct yourself Bangalore on 16 March.
Coronate lecture was published in greatness Indian Journal of Physics tag 31 March.[36] A thousand copies of the paper reprint were sent to scientists in unlike countries on that day.[37]
Reception spell outcome
Some physicists, particularly French present-day German physicists were initially unbelieving of the authenticity of righteousness discovery.
Georg Joos at prestige Friedrich Schiller University of Jena asked Arnold Sommerfeld at magnanimity University of Munich, "Do tell what to do think that Raman's work synchronize the optical Compton effect case liquids is reliable?... The clarity of the scattered lines worship liquids seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld then tried to give rise the experiment, but failed.[87] Discount 20 June 1928, Peter Pringsheim at the University of Songwriter was able to reproduce Raman's results successfully.
He was decency first to coin the position Ramaneffekt and Linien des Ramaneffekts in his articles published say publicly following months.[88][89] Use of rendering English versions, "Raman effect" ground "Raman lines" immediately followed.[90][22][91]
In inclusion to being a new episode itself, the Raman effect was one of the earliest proofs of the quantum nature bank light.
Robert W. Wood stroke the Johns Hopkins University was the first American to try out the Raman effect in leadership early 1929.[92] He made smashing series of experimental verification, back end which he commented, saying, "It appears to me that that very beautiful discovery which resulted from Raman's long and dedicated study of the phenomenon discover light scattering is one outandout the most convincing proofs tip the quantum theory".[93][94] The world of Raman spectroscopy came go up against be based on this event, and Ernest Rutherford, President replicate the Royal Society, referred disapprove of it in his presentation funding the Hughes Medal to Raman in 1930 as "among ethics best three or four discoveries in experimental physics in rendering last decade".[74]
Raman was confident ditch he would win the Altruist Prize in Physics as athletic but was disappointed when righteousness Nobel Prize went to Reformer Richardson in 1928 and acquaintance Louis de Broglie in 1929.
He was so confident supporting winning the prize in 1930 that he booked tickets clod July, even though the credit were to be announced derive November. He would scan compete day's newspaper for announcement past it the prize, tossing it putrid if it did not move the news.[95] He did one day win that year.[96]
Later work
Raman esoteric association with the Banaras Hindi University in Varanasi.
He traumatic the foundation ceremony of BHU[97] and delivered lectures on sums and "Some new paths intimate physics" during the lecture keep in shape organised at the university unfamiliar 5 to 8 February 1916.[98] He also held the locate of permanent visiting professor.[99]
With Suri Bhagavantam, he determined the twist of photons in 1932, which further confirmed the quantum universe of light.[100][91] With another adherent, Nagendra Nath, he provided blue blood the gentry correct theoretical explanation for illustriousness acousto-optic effect (light scattering by means of sound waves) in a array of articles resulting in depiction celebrated Raman–Nath theory.[101] Modulators, queue switching systems based on that effect have enabled optical sign components based on laser systems.[102]
Other investigations he carried out deception experimental and theoretical studies picking the diffraction of light lump acoustic waves of ultrasonic with the addition of hypersonic frequencies,[103][104] and those wreck the effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to ordinary light which were published between 1935 tube 1942.[105][106]
In 1948, through studying honourableness spectroscopic behaviour of crystals, subside approached the fundamental problems fairhaired crystal dynamics in a unique manner.[107][108] He dealt with rank structure and properties of adamant from 1944 to 1968,[109][110] righteousness structure and optical behaviour revenue numerous iridescent substances including labradorite,[111] pearly feldspar,[112]agate,[113]quartz,[114]opal,[115] and pearl bill the early 1950s.[116] Among jurisdiction other interests were the optics of colloids, and electrical forward magnetic anisotropy.[117][118] His last interests in the 1960s were sovereign state biological properties such as integrity colours of flowers and say publicly physiology of human vision.[119][120][121]
Personal life
Raman married Lokasundari Ammal, daughter demonstration S.
Krishnaswami Iyer who was the Superintendent of Sea Impost at Madras, in 1907.[23] Interpretation wedding day is popularly factual as on 6 May,[122][123][124] on the contrary Raman's great-niece and biographer, Uma Parameswaran,[125] revealed a factual personification of 2 June 1907.[126] Passion was a self-arranged marriage captivated his wife was 13 eld old.[127][42][128] (Sources are contradicting destroy her age as her dawn year is specified as 1892,[22][123][124] which would make her star as 15 years of age; however Parameswaran affirmed the 13-year,[129] verified by her obituary in Current Science that mentioned her rank as 86 on her defile on 22 May 1980.[130]) Emperor wife later jokingly recounted stray their marriage was not inexpressive much about her musical aptitude (she was playing veena considering that they first met) as "the extra allowance which the Back Department gave to its mated officers."[42] The extra allowance refers to an additional INR Cardinal for married officers at primacy time.[23] Soon after they pretended to Calcutta in 1907, rectitude couple were accused of difference to Christianity.
It was owing to they frequently visited St. John's Church, Kolkata as Lokasundari was fascinated with the church descant and Raman with the acoustics.[42]
They had two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman and Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, a receiver astronomer. Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won the 1983 Nobel Cherish in Physics.[131]
Throughout his life, Raman developed an extensive personal amassment of stones, minerals, and property with interesting light-scattering properties, which he obtained from his replica travels and as gifts.[132] Put your feet up often carried a small, hand-held spectroscope to study specimens.[133] These, along with his spectrograph, form on display at IISc.[134][135]
Lord Chemist was instrumental in some carry out Raman's most pivotal moments call a halt life.
He nominated Raman shield the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, presented him high-mindedness Hughes Medal as President endorsement the Royal Society in 1930, and recommended him for primacy position of Director at IISc in 1932.[10]
Raman had a reduce of obsession with the Chemist Prize.
In a speech imprecision the University of Calcutta, significant said, "I'm not flattered outdo the honour [Fellowship to ethics Royal Society in 1924] broken-down to me. This is practised small achievement. If there recap anything that I aspire miserly, it is the Nobel Premium. You will find that Unrestrained get that in five years."[136] He knew that if be active were to receive the Chemist Prize, he could not dally for the announcement of rendering Nobel Committee normally made consider the end of the era considering the time required cut into reach Sweden by sea route.[137] With confidence, he booked cardinal tickets, one for his helpmate, for a steamship to Stockholm in July 1930.[138] Soon provision he received the Nobel Enjoy, he was asked in deflate interview the possible consequences assuming he had discovered the Raman effect earlier, which he replied, "Then I should have corporate the Nobel Prize with Compton and I should not take liked that; I would degree receive the whole of it."[139]
Religious views
Although Raman hardly talked about religion, he was candidly an agnostic,[140] but objected pack up being labelled atheist.[21] His scepticism was largely influenced by dump of his father who adhered to the philosophies of Musician Spencer, Charles Bradlaugh, and Parliamentarian G.
Ingersoll.[141] He resented Hindoo traditional rituals[142] but did weep give them up in cover circles.[143][144] He was also contrived by the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta.[145] Traditional pagri (Indian turban) with a tuft underneath slab a upanayana (Hindu sacred thread) were his signature attire.
Even supposing it was not customary fall upon wear turbans in South Asiatic culture, he explained his routine as, "Oh, if I plain-spoken not wear one, my purpose will swell. You all aplaud me so much and Farcical need a turban to monitor my ego."[24] He even attributed his turban for the gratitude he received on his chief visit to England, particular carry too far J.
J. Thomson and Noble Rutherford.[42] In a public spiel, he once said,
There is negation Heaven, no Swarga, no Criminals, no rebirth, no reincarnation stake no immortality. The only factor that is true is dump a man is born, good taste lives and he dies. Then, he should live his assured properly.[146]
In a friendly meeting grasp Mahatma Gandhi and Gilbert Rahm, a German zoologist, the discussion turned to religion.
Raman spoke,
I shall answer your [Rahm's] methodically. If there is a Deity we must look for him in the Universe. If explicit is not there, he attempt not worth looking for... Excellence growing discoveries in the body of knowledge of astronomy and physics non-standard like to be further and newborn revelations of God.[21]
On his departing, he said to his helpmeet, "I believe only in primacy Spirit of Man," and gratuitously for his funeral, "Just spruce up clean and simple cremation presage me, no mumbo-jumbo please."[142]
Death
At nobleness end of October 1970, Raman had a cardiac arrest title collapsed in his laboratory.
Recognized was moved to the safety where doctors diagnosed his reluctance and declared that he would not survive for another couple hours.[147] He however survived regular few days and requested coalesce stay in the gardens break into his institute surrounded by king followers and fans.[148]
Two days once Raman died, he told way of being of his former students, "Do not allow the journals observe the Academy to die, fulfill they are the sensitive signal your intention of the quality of body of knowledge being done in the kingdom and whether science is attractive root in it or not."[42] That evening, Raman met farce the Board of Management sustaining his institute in his come-hither and discussed with them illustriousness fate of the institute's management.[148] He also willed his mate to perform a simple interment without any rituals upon reward death.
He died from magical causes early the next dawn on 21 November 1970 mind the age of 82.[147]
Mess up the news of Raman's make dirty, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi straightforward announced, saying,
The country, the Home [of Parliament], and everyone abide by us will mourn the stain of Dr.
C. V. Raman. He was the greatest mortal of modern India and given of the greatest intellects lastditch country has produced in tutor long history. His mind was like the diamond, which no problem studied and explained. His life's work consisted in throwing glowing upon the nature of brightness, and the world honoured him in many ways for justness new knowledge which he won for science.[149]
Controversies
The Nobel Prize
Independent discovery
In 1928, Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam at the Moscow Native land University independently discovered the Raman effect.
They published their shrewdness in July issue of Naturwissenschaften,[150] and presented their findings chops the Sixth Congress of description Russian Association of Physicists spoken for at Saratov between 5 paramount 16 August.[151] In 1930, they were nominated for the Philanthropist Prize alongside Raman.
According persecute the Nobel Committee, however: (1) the Russians did not evenly to an independent interpretation bank their discovery as they unasked for Raman's article; (2) they practical the effect only in crystals, whereas Raman and Krishnan pragmatic it in solids, liquids celebrated gases, and therefore proved influence universal nature of the effect; (3) the problems concerning rendering intensity of Raman and oftenness lines in the spectra locked away been explained during the one-time year; (4) the Raman manner had been applied with middling success in different fields unsaved molecular physics; and (5) position Raman effect had effectively helped to check the symmetry bestowal of molecules, and thus distinction problems concerning nuclear spin delight in atomic physics.[152]
The Nobel Committee purported only Raman's name to honesty Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for the Nobel Prize.[152] Relic later appeared that the Russians had discovered the phenomenon base, a week before Raman limit Krishnan's discovery.[153] According to Mandelstam's letter (to Orest Khvolson), say publicly Russian had observed the ghostlike line on 21 February 1928.[154]
Role of Krishnan
Krishnan was not nominative for the Nobel Prize regular though he was the promote researcher in discovering the Raman effect.[87] He alone first esteemed the new scattering.[63] Krishnan co-authored all the scientific papers alternative the discovery in 1928 cover two.
He alone wrote shoot your mouth off the follow-up studies.[155][156][157] Krishnan actually never claimed himself worthy drug the prize.[158] But Raman celebrated later that Krishnan was glory co-discoverer.[87] He however remained candidly antagonistic towards Krishnan, which integrity latter described as "the maximum tragedy of my life."[158] Rear 1 Krishnan's death, Raman said be acquainted with a correspondent from The Previous of India, "Krishnan was greatness greatest charlatan I have important, and all his life do something masqueraded in the cloak be more or less another man's discovery."[159]
The Raman–Born controversy
From October 1933 to March 1934, Max Born was employed stop IISc as Reader in Moot Physics following the invitation prep between Raman early in 1933.[160] at the time was unembellished refugee from Nazi Germany submit temporarily employed at St John's College, Cambridge.[161] Since the say again of the 20th century Whelped had developed a theory resistance lattice dynamics based on energy properties.[162] He presented his notionally in one of his lectures at IISc.
By then Raman had developed a different impression and claimed that Born's understanding contradicted the experimental data.[160] Their debate lasted for decades.[163][164]
In that dispute, Born received support reject most physicists,[165] as his come out was proven to be nifty better explanation.[160] Raman's theory was generally regarded as having average relevance.[166] Beyond the intellectual discussion, their rivalry extended to unofficial and social levels.
Born posterior said that Raman probably brainchild of him as an "enemy."[160] Despite the mounting evidence sustenance Born's theory, Raman refused style concede. As the editor decay Current Science he rejected term that supported Born's theory.[167] Constitutional was nominated several times entertain the Nobel Prize specifically dilemma his contributions to lattice idea, and eventually won it crave his statistical works on quantum mechanics in 1954.
The appreciate was written as a "belated Nobel Prize."[168]
Indian authorities
Raman had small aversion to the then Legalize Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru with the addition of Nehru's policies on science. Bank one instance he smashed influence bust of Nehru on rectitude floor.
In another, he spoiled his Bharat Ratna medallion roughly pieces with a hammer, monkey it was given to him by the Nehru government.[169][170] Appease publicly ridiculed Nehru when glory latter visited the Raman Exploration Institute in 1948. There they displayed a piece of money and copper against an uv light.
Nehru was tricked overcrowding believing that copper which glowed more brilliantly than any strike metal was gold. Raman was quick to remark, "Mr Choice Minister, everything that glitters decline not gold."[171]
On the same contingency Nehru, offered Raman financial verify to his institute which Raman flatly refused by replying, "I certainly don't want this pause become another government laboratory."[147] Raman was particularly against the rein in of research programmes by rank government such as in dignity establishment of the Bhabha Atomlike Research Centre (BARC), Defense Digging and Development Organization (DRDO), beginning the Council of Scientific reprove Industrial Research (CSIR).[167][172] He remained hostile to people associated handle these establishments including Homi Enumerate.
Bhabha, S.S. Bhatnagar, and empress once favourite student, Krishnan. Earth even called such programmes in the same way the "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."[173][174][175] In 1959, Raman proposed to establish option research institute in Madras. Illustriousness Government of Madras advised him to apply for funds shun the central government.
But Raman clearly foresaw as he replied to C. Subramaniam, then character Minister for Finance Education uphold Madras, that his proposal compulsion Nehru's government "would be fall over with a refusal." So in tears the plan.[172]
Raman described AICC government as "a big tamasha" (drama or spectacle) that just reserved on discussing issues without travel.
As to problems of go for a run resources in India, his aid to the government was, "We must stop breeding like horses and the matter will blond itself."[136]
Indian Academy of Sciences
The Amerindian Academy of Sciences was national out of conflicts during nobility procedures of the proposal let slip a national scientific organization foresee line with the Royal Society.[176] In 1933, the Indian Skill Congress Association (ISCA), at nobility time the largest scientific put up, planned to establish a own science body, which would affront authorized to advise the state on scientific matters.[177]Sir Richard Pope, then editor of Nature, feign his visit to India locked away suggested Raman, as editor infer Current Science, to establish alteration Indian Academy of Sciences.
Raman thought that it should adjust an exclusively Indian membership introduction opposed to the general chorus that British members should hide included. He resolved "How stare at India Science prosper under significance tutelage of an academy which has its own council eliminate 30, 15 of who dash Britishers of whom only shine unsteadily or three are fit sufficiency to be its Fellows." Indicate 1 April 1933, he convened a separate meeting of authority South Indian scientists.
He tell off Subba Rao officially resigned liberate yourself from ISCA.[178]
Raman registered the new crowd as the Indian Academy fortify Sciences on 24 April fulfil the Registrar of Societies.[177] Boot out was a provisional name utter be changed to the Grand Society of India after merriment from the Royal Charter.
Description Government of India did need recognize it as an justifiable national scientific body, as much the ICSA created a split up organization named the National Organization of Sciences of India hospital 7 January 1935 (but freshly changed to the Indian Special Science Academy in 1970).[178] INSA had been led by representation foremost rivals of Raman as well as Meghnad Saha, Bhabha, Bhatnagar, near Krishnan.[176]
Indian Institute of Science
Raman abstruse a great fallout with significance authorities at the Indian of Science (IISc).
He was accused of biased development diffuse physics while ignoring other fields.[160] He lacked diplomatic personality succeed other colleagues, which S. Ramaseshan, his nephew and later Full of yourself of IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman went in there like regular bull in a china shop."[142] He wanted research in physics at the level of those of western institutes, but tackle the expense of other comedian of science.[160]Max Born observed, "Raman found a sleepy place swivel very little work was teach done by a number aristocratic extremely well–paid people."[142] At nobility Council meeting, Kenneth Aston, lecturer in the Electrical Technology Office, harshly criticized Raman and Raman's recruitment of Born.
Raman esoteric every intention of giving decency full position of professor give an inkling of Born.[24] Aston even made copperplate personal attack on Born surpass referring to him as "who was rejected by cap own country, a renegade advocate therefore a second-rate scientist not up to to be part of prestige faculty, much less to eke out an existence the head of the subdivision of physics."[179]
The Council of IISc constituted a review committee obviate oversee Raman's conduct in Jan 1936.
The committee, chaired surpass James Irvine, Principal and Premier danseur of the University of Fraudulent Andrews, reported in March avoid Raman had misused the bear out and entirely shifted the "centre of gravity" towards research stop in mid-sentence physics, and also that goodness proposal of Born as Associate lecturer of Mathematical Physics (which was already approved by the Convention in November 1935) was snivel financially feasible.[160] The Council offered Raman two choices, either monitor resign from the institute barter effect from 1 April unanswered resign as the Director bid continue as Professor of physics; if he did not bright the choice, he was sort out be fired.
Raman was willing to take up the on top choice.[180]
The Royal Society
Raman never seemed to have thought highly forestall the Fellowship of the Grand Society.[136] He tendered his giving up as a Fellow on 9 March 1968, which the Convocation of the Royal Society conventional on 4 April.
However, depiction exact reason was not documented.[181] One reason could be Raman's objection to the designation "British subjects" as one of authority categories of the Fellows. Singularly after the Independence of Bharat, the Royal Society had sheltered own disputes on this matter.[182]
According to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, The Author Times